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Title:
By Design or by Chance? The Growing Controversy on the Origins of Life in the
Universe.
Author:
Denyse O’Leary
Publisher:
Augsburg Fortress, 2004
Pages:
384 pp.
ISBN:
0806651776
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| The debate has grown out
of being only a quibbling matter for philosophers to a theory that can be
proven or falsified by science
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Scientists,
philosophers, metaphysicists and theologians have debated about the concept of
an ‘intelligent creator’, or God, from ancient times. Some are as devoted to
proving that this universe is ‘Godless’ as monotheists are fervent to prove
otherwise. The debate, in recent times, has grown out of being only a quibbling
matter for philosophers to a theory that can be proven or falsified by science.
Many scientists believe that what cannot be tested or falsifiable cannot be a
valid theory and thus the idea of God, in the opinion of some, is the product of
human imagination or human need for a superior deity. Some evolutionists
encourage the concept of a “God-free” universe like Canadian evolutionary
biologist Denise Lamoureux, who believes that “…the dangerous notion arises
that maybe human ignorance is in effect the ‘creator’, a resident only of
our minds”.
Nevertheless,
it is important to note that not all scientists are at conflict with religion.
By Design or by Chance makes this point clear, as well as introducing the
interesting concepts of creationism, intelligent design and evolution to the lay
reader. Denyse O’Leary uses her journalistic style effectively in explaining
the controversy on the origins of life.
As
a Muslim, I am not unbiased towards the issue of the origin of life. But I am
always open to reading different points of view, especially on such mind-teasing
subjects as this one, which I find intellectually fulfilling. Truthfully, even
after studying evolution in school and without any influence from religion, I
have never been able to come to terms with the idea that humans evolved from a
blob of simple cells which later self-organized to what we are today. The book
presents excellent arguments for intelligent design, and surprisingly, the
arguments for chance (meaning that life began by mere chance) are unexpected.
Among
the main players in this controversy are the Darwinists and the Creationists.
However, amidst the monopoly Darwinism has on scientific thought and the
educational systems in the West, re-emerges a school of thought known as
Intelligent Design.
Perfection
by Accident
What
is the possibility that we are here by chance? Before answering this question,
it is important to note that there is a difference between some types of
evolutionists and strict Darwinists. “Evolution is the theory that all life
forms are descended from one or several ancestors that were present on the early
earth three to four billion years ago." Many evolutionists are practicing
monotheists and believe in a superior deity who used evolution as a process of
creation. As quoted from the book, Francis Collins, leader of the Human Genome
Project, says, “God decided to create a species with whom he could have
fellowship. Who are we to say that evolution was a dumb way to do it? It was an
incredibly elegant way to do it.”
On
the other hand, staunch Darwinists claim that the universe as a whole, and not
only humans, are here today by mere accident. Darwin, in his book On the
Origin of Species, played on the concept of chance. This simply means that
“the universe [is] Godless and meaningless, and that human beings [are] a
random outcome of its process”. To understand further, the key principle of
Darwinian evolution was common descent by natural selection through a completely
random process that came about spontaneously.
In
the introduction of this book, the meaning of Darwinism is explained
beautifully, touching upon the basic scientific meaning of Darwinian evolution,
the theory of chance as well as the birth of social Darwinism. According to
O’Leary, this theory was welcomed both in the scientific community as well as
socially due to the secular settings of the society at that time.
Scientists
liked Darwin’s simplification. It especially suited the materialistic world
of 19th century England. It provided a powerful support for a belief that was
already rapidly growing among intellectuals … Thus, Darwin became the
popular central figure in biology in the same way that Freud had in
psychology, and Marx in politics.
However,
although this theory was accepted widely in the existing secular and modernist
society, its scientific validity was questionable to many scientists. The
unimaginable complexity of the cell and matter at microscopic level was a heavy
factor at discrediting the idea that molecules such as DNA could evolve “by
law acting on chance”. Also, the idea that simple matter can
‘self-organize’ into present-day organisms composed of intricate systems and
exist in a world that is “fine-tuned” for life by accident is not a
sufficient nor reasonable answer, especially since no ‘self-organizing’
accidents have happened in our time.
It
is important to note that, despite the debate on the credibility of Darwinism,
it persists as a key element in Western curricula because it endorses the
modernist religion. As stated in the book,
Some
teachers have been forbidden even to bring up known problems with the theory.
This is because modernism is the unacknowledged religion of tax-supported
public school systems, and Darwinism is one of modernism’s most important
teachings.
The
Others
Before
going further into Darwin’s theory, it is necessary to introduce two more
schools of thought. After becoming acquainted with evolutionists and Darwinists,
two other schools of thought remain: the Young Earth Creationists and the
supporters of Intelligent Design.
Not
everyone has been swept into secular life-style beliefs. Young Earth
Creationists emerge from the evangelical Christian Church, who base their views
on the history of life from the literal interpretation of Genesis. As for my
personal favorite, the ID theory (intelligent design) argues the exact opposite
of Darwinism; that life “is a product of design”. Most ID supporters relate
this design to an intelligent and divine creator. However, some ID scientists
argue for intelligent design without the belief that it is from a divine deity.
Irreducible
Complexity
Popular
belief has it that evolution is a continuous series of improvements whereas, as
stated in the book, it is really a continuous series of change, which happen by
chance. As chance would have it, human life, all the way from the intricacy of
the eye to the infinite complexity of the brain, has evolved (by chance, they
say) from life forms like the archaea (a single cell creature believed to be one
of the oldest life forms on earth), with chance being on our side every time the
dice is rolled. However, ID activist and biochemist Michaeal Behe argues for
‘irreducible complexity’, a concept that he introduced publicly and is one
of the backbones of the ID theory. It quite simply says,
A
biological system is irreducibly complex when its operation requires the
cooperation of numerous parts, none of which performs a useful function unless
all are present.
A
car cannot be understood as a tricycle that sprouted a four-stroke engine and
an extra wheel … [just as] most of the steps that separate your computer
from a typewriter were the product of intelligent design.
An
example of this is the bacteria’s motorized propeller, as argued by ID
scientists. Thus the bacteria’s flagellum is the logo of the ID movement.
Discovered in 1973, the flagellum is the unique characteristic that enables
bacteria to swim. From its complexity, ID scientists reason that it cannot
“arise from a series of lucky accidents”. This simply means that, for
example, the human eye can only function as an eye, with all its parts and
systems, as it is today; it could not have evolved from 10% or even 90% of an
eye. Logically anything less would be of no use and so would not be able to
exist in the first place. Thus, natural selection cannot select something that
does not exist.
Even
playwright George Bernard Shaw illustrates this point vividly, although being an
evolutionist himself. He says, “if this sort of selection could turn an
antelope into a giraffe, it could conceivably turn a pond full of amoebas into
the French academy.”
Scientism
and the Way Overboard
Scientism
is based on the following belief: “Truth can be discovered only through the
scientific method. Anything that cannot be discovered in that way cannot be
true. The scientist assumes that religious beliefs are a form of fraud.” We
cannot say that this philosophy is mainstream or the norm amongst scientists.
However, it does gain momentum in some circles especially in an increasingly
materialistic world. According to ID advocate Phillip Johnson, this philosophy
is appealing to many because “it gives science a virtual monopoly on the
production of knowledge, and it assures scientists that no important questions
are in principle beyond scientific investigation.”
Evolutionists
usually challenge the intelligent design theory by accusing it to be
unscientific. It is said that what cannot be falsifiable by evidence cannot be
science. But logically, if someone were to demonstrate that there are no
irreducibly complex systems, then ID would be falsified. As mathematician
William Dembski puts it, “Show me in detail how a nonpurposive natural process
can bring about molecular machines like the bacterial flagellum.”
In
the opinion of some, ID is just an excuse for monotheists to prove that there is
a god. Is that really necessary? I find that assumption absurd because belief is
a matter of faith and not a fact of science. Only the materialistic mind cannot
grasp the notion of faith because its assertion would be too much of a
responsibility. Faith does not need the affirmation of science; it is in itself
an ultimate proof.
At
the end, after introducing us to the Darwinists, Young Earth Creationists and
the supporters of ID throughout her book, with a plethora of quotations from
scientists of all sects, I anticipated a few quotes or references from Muslim
scientists but was not appeased. I understand that the Muslim contribution may
not be as apparent as the Young Earth Creationists in the West; however, the
title of the book indicates that the debate is universal and not restricted to
only two or three groups of thought. Islam, being a monotheistic religion, has
clear convictions on the origin of life, which deserves to be noted in more
detail. O’Leary does mention briefly that there are Muslim creationists as
well as Muslim ID supporters, but this was not illustrated with any quotations
or opinions from prominent Muslim scholars.
More
deserves to be said about this book, however I will end with the epigraph Denyse
O’Leary chose to begin her book with which says a lot. “The most important
question for any society to ask is the one that is forbidden” – Richard
Halvorson, Harvard Crimson (2003).
Lamya
Hamad is IslamOnline.net’s Health & Science Assistant Editor. She is a
graduate of Cairo University’s School of Pharmacy and can be reached at: sciencetech@islam-online.net.
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